Theu.s. Contemporary Security Environment - 1527 Words

Introduction Cyberterrorism is a critical threat and is the most definitive characteristic of the U.S. contemporary security environment. For years, the American people have been victimized by cyber-attacks by having their personal information, emails, credit card, and banking information stolen by an invisible enemy named cyberterrorism. These types of attacks seem insignificant however; they are small examples of the vulnerabilities that our cyber world is experiencing. Our vulnerabilities are leaving our public officials in significant danger from cyber-attacks, as they are vulnerable to such things as the release of personal information and home addresses. All over the world people have either owned or used a computer and every†¦show more content†¦Today however, a new type of warfare has emerged and occurs when outside entities conduct an attack on a power grid, network, or both with the intent of causing damage. This type of warfare is called cyber warfare. In the United States computers control everything. It is no secret that hostile countries and terrorist organizations are cognizant and they know our economy, security, and infrastructure can be crippled by a successful cyber-attack. Examples of potential targets for cyber terrorists include military bases, water systems, banking facilities, air traffic control centers and power plants. Even the Commander in Chief, President Obama has stated the threat of a cyber war is real and we must prepare for it and increase our security measures. First, this paper will discuss cyberterrorism and cyber-attacks as they pose a direct threat to national security and the economy. Then, we will review cyber-attacks against the U.S. from China, Iran, and Russia along with the impact and possible ramifications from those attacks. Finally, this paper discusses U.S. strategies to minimize the impact of cyber-attacks. Cyber-Attacks China is responsible for cyber espionage against the U.S. resulting in significant damage to the U.S. economy. The Commission on the Theft of American Intellectual Property found that, China is responsible for up to 70% of incurred losses of the U.S. (Navarro 2016). The Center for Strategic and

The Contrast of Love and Hate in William Shakespeares...

The Contrast of Love and Hate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a love story that has more hostility and bloodshed than most of to days common television series. The play begins with an insurrection of the civilian people, ends with a double suicide, and in between of this hostility and bloodshed there is an act of three murders. All of this takes place in the duration of four petite days. In the love story of Romeo and Juliet it is frequent for love to turn to hate from one line to another. This indistinctness is reflected throughout Romeo and Juliet, whose language is riddled with oxymorons. O brawling love, O loving hate, Romeo cries in the plays very first†¦show more content†¦Romeo acknowledges his love was blind, Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight / For I neer saw true beauty till this night. Romeos begins to use religious imagery from this point on in the play. He begins by describing Juliet as a holy shrine. Romeo begins to move towards a more spiritual contemplation of love as he moves away from the overblown, overacted imagery of his love for Rosaline. Such otherworldly moments of the expression of true love never last long within this feuding society. The threat of violence instantaneously interrupts the romantic atmosphere created by Romeos sonnet when Tybalt recognizes Romeos voice and wants to eradicate him then and there. Although forced to accept Capulets judgment as head of the family to allow Romeo to stay, Tybalt utters a threat that indicates that he will take no notice of Capulets command. Act two scene six, Romeo and Juliet seal there love for each other by getting married. Romeo and Friar Laurence wait for Juliet. Friar Laurence warns Romeo about the impulsiveness of his decision to marry. 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Calcium carbonate Essay Example For Students

Calcium carbonate Essay Outline1 4.1INTRODUCTION2 4.2AIMS AND OBJECTIVES3 Chapter 24 5.THEORY A ; METHOLOGY5 5.1PRINCIPLE OF THE EXPERIMENT6 5.2APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTS7 Mortar and pestle Conical flasksWhite tile8 Filter funnelFiltter paper25.00 cm3 pipette9 5.3CHEMICAL USED10 2 M HCl Phenolphthalein11 2 M NaOH12 5.4PROCEDURE13 Chapter 314 6.EXPERIMENTAL Consequence15 6.1THE COLOR CHANGE OF THE SOLUTION16 6.2THE TITRATION RESULT OF BROWN EGG17 6.3THE TITRATION RESULT OF WHITE EGG18 119 220 321 Volume of eggshells solution/cm322 25.0023 25.0024 25.0025 Volume of NaOH used/cm326 20.4027 20.3528 20.0029 Chapter 430 7.CLCULATIONS31 7.1CALCULATIONS32 7.1.1 FOR BROWN EGG33 7.1.2 FOR WHITE EGG34 Chapter 535 8.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUTION36 8.1CONCLUSION37 8.2DISCUSSION38 Beginning of mistakes39 9. Reference 4.1INTRODUCTION Calcium carbonate, CaCO3, is found in nature giving hardness and strength to things such as seashells, stones, and eggshells. Equally difficult as this substance is, it will respond readily with hydrochloric acid to give C dioxide gas ( and two other merchandises ) . In this experiment pupils will plan an experiment by responding eggshells with 2 M HCl to compare the Ca carbonate composing of white ( poulet ) eggshells to brown eggshells. A good quality eggshell will incorporate, on norm, 2.2 gms of Ca in the signifier of Ca carbonate. Approximately 94 % of a dry eggshell is calcium carbonate and has a typical mass of 5.5 grams,1 although these values can differ depending on beginnings. Sums every bit low as 78 % have been published. The staying mass is composed mostly of P and Mg, and hint sums of Na, K, Zn, manganese, Fe, and Cu. In the instance of brown versus white eggs, a unequivocal difference in Ca carbonate sums may be difficult to bring out. However, see this. The colour of the eggs is nil more than a consequence of a different strain. The quality, nutritionary value, and gustatory sensation are indistinguishable between white and brown eggs, though two noteworthy differences are size and monetary value. Brown eggs are normally larger and somewhat more expensive. The ground for the monetary value addition is because brown eggs come from larger biddies, which need to be fed more nutrient daily. With a larger c onsumption of Ca each twenty-four hours, one might anticipate the produced egg to hold a higher Ca carbonate content. However, since the eggs are larger, it must be kept in head that the Ca is spread over a larger surface country during egg formation. A brown eggshell s increased inclination to interrupt, when compared to white, is frequently attributed to this â€Å"thinning out† of Ca during deposition. To avoid the breakage of eggs before making market, the eggshells needs to be every bit strong as possible. The strength of eggshells is chiefly determined by the per centum of Ca carbonate in it. In order to supervise the quality of eggshells, the undermentioned experiment has to be done to find the per centum of Ca carbonate in eggshells.In this experiment, back titration is used. First, extra acid is reacted with the Ca carbonate in eggshells. 2HCl ( aq ) +CaCO3 ( s ) >CaCl2 ( aq ) +H2O ( cubic decimeter ) +CO2 ( g ) Subsequently, if we can happen out the figure of mole of unreacted acid, figure of mole of Ca carbonate can so be found out. The figure of mole of unreacted acid can be found by titration with the undermentioned reaction. HCl ( aq ) +NaOH ( aq ) >H2O ( cubic decimeter ) +NaCl ( aq ) Percentage by mass of Ca carbonate in eggshell can so be calculated by the undermentioned expression: 4.2AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The intent of this experiment is to find the per centum by mass of Ca carbonate in eggshells. .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd , .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd .postImageUrl , .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd , .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd:hover , .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd:visited , .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd:active { border:0!important; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd:active , .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u102f971074d974732acb792f624554cd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pretty Women Essaydesign an experiment that quantifies the sum of Ca carbonate nowadays in a natural substance. associate the sum of a reactant or merchandise of a chemical reaction to another reactant or merchandise. work collaboratively with their equals to work out a given job in the research lab in a manner that theoretical accounts the scientific method. use a common acid reaction between hydrochloric acid and the carbonate ion. Chapter 2 5.THEORY A ; METHOLOGY 5.1PRINCIPLE OF THE EXPERIMENT During this experiment, the per centum of CaCO3 in an eggshell is determined by responding the eggshell with hydrochloric acid. The equation for this reaction is: 2HCl ( aq ) + CaCO3 ( s ) >Ca2+ ( aq ) + CO2 ( g ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) + 2Cl- ( aq ) This reaction can non be used straight titrate with the CaCO3. Alternatively, an surplus of hydrochloric acid is added to fade out the eggshell, and the staying acid is titrated with NaOH solution to find the sum of acid that did non respond with the eggshell. The equation used to find the sum of remnant acid is: HCl ( aq ) + NaOH ( aq ) > H2O ( cubic decimeter ) + Na+ ( aq ) + Cl- ( aq ) 5.2APPARATUS AND EQUIPMENTS eaker Pipette FillerElectronicbalance Volumetric flaskBuretteWash bottle Mortar and pestle Conical flasksWhite tile Filter funnelFiltter paper25.00 cm3 pipette 5.3CHEMICAL USED 2 M HCl Phenolphthalein 2 M NaOH 5.4PROCEDURE White and Red coloring material eggshells have taken and the protein membrane was removed on the interior of the eggshells. The eggshell was washed with distilled H2O Dried in an oven for few proceedingss. The eggshell was so grounded into all right pulverization by howitzer and stamp. 2g of eggshell pulverization is weighted accurately by utilizing an electronic balance and it was transferred to a conelike flask. 25.00 cm3 of HCl was pipetted to fade out the eggshell pulverization. Distilled H2O was added to the flask until it reached about 100cm3. The flask was swirled gently. Put the solution into cubed for two yearss. Faltered the solution utilizing filter documents. Pippet out 25.00 cm3 from each solutions to titration flasks. The solution was so titrated with standardised NaOH. Repeat another two samples from each solution. Roll up the right burette readings at the terminal point. Chapter 3 6.EXPERIMENTAL Consequence 6.1THE COLOR CHANGE OF THE SOLUTION White egg Brown egg Colourless pink Colourless pink 6.2THE TITRATION RESULT OF BROWN EGG 1 2 3 Volume of eggshells solution/cm3 25.00 25.00 25.00 Volume of NaOH used/cm3 20.10 19.90 20.10 Average volume of NaOH used: ( 20.10+19.90+20.10 ) = 20.03cm33 6.3THE TITRATION RESULT OF WHITE EGG 1 2 3 Volume of eggshells solution/cm3 25.00 25.00 25.00 Volume of NaOH used/cm3 20.40 20.35 20.00 *Average volume of NaOH used: ( 20.40+20.35+20.00 ) =20.25cm33 Chapter 4 7.CLCULATIONS 7.1CALCULATIONS 2HCl ( aq ) + CaCO3 ( s ) >Ca2+ ( aq ) + CO2 ( g ) + H2O ( cubic decimeter ) + 2Cl- ( aq ) HCl ( aq ) + NaOH ( aq ) > H2O ( cubic decimeter ) + Na+ ( aq ) + Cl- ( aq ) 7.1.1 FOR BROWN EGG Number of moles of NaOH used to respond with HCl =20.03cm3 /1000 ) X2M = 40.06X 10-3 mol Since figure of moles of NaOH = figure of moles of HCl in 25cm3 =40.06 X 10-3 mol HCl mols in 100cm3 = 40.06 Ten 10-3 Ten 4 mol The initial no of moles of HCl: volume X molar concentration = 100/1000 X2M = 200X10-3 mol Number of moles of HCl used to respond with CaCO3 = ( 200X10-3 160.24X 10-3 ) mol = 39.76X10-3 mol Harmonizing to the equation, one mole of HCI required to respond with 2 moles of CaCO3, Number of moles of CaCO3 reacted =39.76X10- 3 /2 = 19.88X10-3 mol The weight of CaCO3 = 19.88X10-3g X100g The % of CaCO3 in eggshell ( brown ) = ( 1.988/2 ) X100 % =99.4 % 7.1.2 FOR WHITE EGG Number of moles of NaOH used to respond with HCl: ( 20.25cm3/1000 ) X2 = 40.50X10-3mol Since figure of moles of NaOH=number of moles of HCl in 25cm3 = 4.50X10-3mol HCl Volume in 100cm3 = 40.50 X10-3 X4 mol The initial moles of HCl: volume X molar concentration = 100/1000 X2M = 200X10-3 mol Number of moles of HCl used to respond with CaCO3: ( 200X10-3 162X10-3 ) mol = 38X10-3 mol Number of moles of CaCO3 reacted =38X10-3/2 = 19X10-3 mol The weight of CaCO3 = 19X10-3g X100 The % of CaCO3 in eggshell ( white ) = ( 1.9/2 ) X100 % =95.0 % Chapter 5 8.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUTION 8.1CONCLUSION Percentage of CaCO3 in ruddy eggshells= 99.4 % Percentage of CaCO3 in white eggshells= 95.0 % Therefore ruddy eggshells has the higher per centum of CaCO3. 8.2DISCUSSION Beginning of mistakes The eggshell pulverization did non fade out wholly Variation in ocular judgement at the terminal point Instrumental mistakes of the electronic balance The eggshell was non to the full dried Some droplets of solution may still adhere on the beaker and the glass rod which lead to the decrease in figure of moles of extra HCl In this Experiment we can besides make the EDTA titration. 9. Reference hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.lk/search? hl=en A ; source=hp A ; q=caco3+percentage+in+eggshell A ; btnG=Google+Search A ; meta= A ; aq=f A ; oq= hypertext transfer protocol: //wwwchem.csustan.edu/chem1102/Egg.htm hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oppapers.com/essays/Determine-Percentage-Mass-Calcium-Carbonate-Eggshells/165593 hypertext transfer protocol: //ag.ansc.purdue.edu/poultry/multistate/koelkebeck1.htm

Streetlight Manifesto - Somewhere in the Between free essay sample

This album has been a long time coming. Streetlight Manifesto is known for its  ­perfectionism, which explains why this 10-track disk took four years to make. While a bit on the short side, it’s one of the best albums ever made, certainly the best that ska fans have heard in years. Ska bands are known to be generic; 90 percent of them sound almost identical, with offbeat  ­guitar parts (similar to those of  ­reggae), fast tempos, and horn sections with short interjections. Streetlight Manifesto transcends this mold with a rare combination of ska/punk and Eastern European genres like nothing listeners have heard  ­before. The only features that tie this band to the ska scene are its fan base and horn section. Featuring Matt Stewart on trumpet, Mike Soprano on trombone, and Jim Conti on  ­alto and tenor saxophone, the group is one of the best ever  ­assembled in a non-jazz environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Streetlight Manifesto Somewhere in the Between or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And these guys can play; the horns are the driving force. Much of the credit also belongs to Tomas Kalnoky, the madman at the controls of this musical freight train. He writes the lyrics and composes the majority of the instrumentation on an acoustic guitar at odd hours of the night. As Kalnoky has said in album liner notes and interviews, he writes a chord progression on the guitar and hums a melody, which he then gives to the horn section to flesh out. While this may seem like a strange way to write  ­music, it certainly is effective. There is never a dull moment on this album. I have noticed that the average musician struggles with the art of transition. When changing tempo, key, or dynamic (or all three at once), most musicians tend to run astray. This is not the case with Streetlight Manifesto. Their tightness can be attributed to the band’s four years of touring. On â€Å"Somewhere in the Between,† every transition is executed perfectly. In fact, most listeners barely notice the changes. Even more impressive, their transitions are just as perfect live, a feat that few bands can boast. While every track is strong, the highlights are â€Å"Would You Be Impressed?† and â€Å"What a Wicked Gang Are We.† The hypnotic breakdown in the  ­former keeps the listener  ­entranced as the tension builds from barely audible guitar riffs and quiet vocals to wailing horn lines and screaming  ­vocals that declare, â€Å"I looked around, I stood alone, I knew what I had to say, I said it’s all my fault!† In the other song, the contemplative lyrics inspired by Shakespeare and soulful melodies of the horn section draw the album to a beautiful conclusion, leaving listeners wanting more. This is one of the most  ­talented groups out there. It is nearly impossible to find a weakness in this album. It is the modern equivalent of Pink Floyd’s â€Å"Dark Side of the Moon,† a masterpiece filled with subtle intricacies that  ­become more apparent with each listen. The best word to describe this music is â€Å"intense.† It is by no means easy listening, and it may seem loud and annoying at first, but I promise, once you get into Streetlight Manifesto, you will never get out.

buy custom Self-Harming essay

buy custom Self-Harming essay Content This research seeks to investigate self-harming in the society. It also investigates the trends of self-harming and the reasons that explain why individual do this act. This study is particularly essential because this issue affects lives of people in the society and seeks to clarify some of contentious issues surrounding this behavior. The research explicates a self-harm behavior, most effective treatment and concludes by giving a theory that seeks to explain that behavior. The scholars have more or less agreed about my topic, and my paper argues for a better interpretation. Methodology A comparative case study is the methodology that this study utilizes. The utilization of the comparative case study is because of abundance of information dealing with the topic of discussion. In addition, by looking at past researches on the topic of discussion, this research ascertains various opinions made concerning self-harming. It also establishes ways to prevent self-harming among individuals. Research Findings Self-harm is committed when someone purposely damages his body. However, self-harming is nonconforming to the intention of committing suicide, but as a way of expressing deep emotional dissatisfaction in individual life such as negative self-esteem, hypersensitivity to rejection and suppressed anger and sadness among others. Some of the examples of self-harm includes; cutting the skin, burning the skin, use of friction to burn skins, bruising of ones skin, refusal to take needed medication, hitting ones self, destructive or dangerous behavior such drugs and substance abuse among others (Block, Smith, Segal, 2010). Cutting of ones body People dealing with past trauma or facing a variety of frustrating issues in their lives have resulted into self-harm as a solution to their problems. The most common example of self-harm behavior is cutting of ones body. Cutting and self-injury may make one committing self-harm a bit relaxed but then results to a permanent pain, which renders the act useless. Therefore, this makes the act unattractive way of dealing with the stresses. Cutting is not easily seen because those who commit the act may feel shameful and thus device ways to conceal their act. Therefore, it is not easy to identify people believed to have cut their skin because of clothing, which covers physical injuries, and the victim can as well hide the inner feeling by assuming calm composition. Some of the characteristics of cutting that one should be on a look out to identify one who has self-harmed himself comprise the following. The self-harmer may have unexplained wounds over their bodies. This may result from the tendency of inflicting pain in their body by cutting themselves. These unexplained wounds can be inform of fresh or scars resulting from cuts usually in the wrist, arms, thighs, neck or chest (Block, Smith, Segal, 2010). Another sign of self-harm is an indication of sense of depression expressed by the party believed to have mutilated his / her body. How individual behaves and feels may show the presence of cuts in the body (Hyman, 2000). For example, the presence of bad moods expressed by an individual may result from the presence of cuts in the body or intention to commit such act in the near future to run away from the reality. Other things that can show depression in individual includes low self-esteem, tearfulness, lack of motivation and loss of energy, which can result to self-mutilation (Hyman, 2000). The individual explanation for the causes of scars or fresh cuts in the body can be a sign for the self-injury mostly where the explanation given doe not make sense. Therefore, someone who claims to be involved in frequent accidents as results of his clumsy behavior may shoe high likelihood of involvement in self-harm. Cutting of ones body may also result in covering up of the parts that sustain those types of injury. The act of covering up can be evident in cases where one keeps on always wearing long sleeves, to cover up the scars present on the arms. This will be associated, with individual uneasiness, to relate well in the society for fear of stigma (Motz, 2009). Self-harm also reaches addictive point in some individual at a certain stage in life. In addictive stage individual tends to believe that the self-harm to be the only solution to the problem or depression is undergoing. When individual becomes an addict will be terribly adamant to change in the behavior, which may make him unable to relate well with other people in the society (Plante, 2007). Cutting of ones body as a way of expression of deep feelings may result to shame or fear of social stigma. This will make individual perceive themselves less wanted in the society which instead of solving the problem, tends to worsen the situation by putting that individual in a worse situation of inability to cope with societal life (Block, Smith, Segal, 2010). Some individuals mutilate their bodies in an attempt to catch attention or gain sympathy. Therefore, this makes them do anything to gain the attention, which can result into fatal body harming. As a result, the individual's health gets affected making him be less efficient in the general conduct of activities to support him in life (Block, Smith, Segal, 2010). Self mutilation inform of cutting oneself body part as a way to express deep emotional dissatisfaction is not a good thing, as supported by the impact of the act on the general well being of individual in society. It is pertinent for individual to feel appreciated in the society for him to function well. Therefore, anything that results the individual to the negative perception of the societal way of life may create more problems rather than solving the problems. Self-harming has a negative effect on the individual body. For example, cutting of once body as earlier on pointed may crate permanent pain in ones life associated with nursing of the wounds already created. Most effective treatment Accorrding to Motz (2009) it may prove extremely challenging for one to get out of this behavior of self-mutilation, but there are mechanisms that can prove fruitful in achieving this objective. The effort to recovery may be very challenging and may wish one to maintain the original status quo of continuity of self-mutilation. However, with the help of family, friends and professional along side with self-reflection one can realize this dream of liberation from these cycles of self-mutilation. The following steps comprise treatment of self-harm. The first step is for individual to decide to stop committing such behavior. This is paramount step as change starts within. Therefore, it is essential for an individual to question their need for change (Block, Smith, Segal, 2010). This will enable assess his motivation of changing, which will build up the desire to change and assessing the strength and weaknesses in the process of change he wants. Another fundamental consideration in the decision-making process is deciding when the individual would like to change. This is crucial as it gives the set period for accomplishment of plans and realization of goals. In addition, this helps individual to be prepared mentally in the effort of stopping self-mutilation. However, the set time should be realistic to avoid future frustration. This should lead to the next crucial step of acknowledging that self-mutilation aims at self-soothing the individual in question (Smiith, 2006). The next step is confiding in someone about the thing that you have kept secret for the duration of time. This may appear impossible thing to do keeping in mind that you did intended for long duration, to remain silent about the matter. The individual should confide to the right person; someone whom cannot gossip and the one who can understand the sensitivity of the matter, and can help that individual in remaining in the right truck towards recovery. In this stage, it is important for individual to disclose all material fact to relieve him from pain and anxiety that could lead to disastrous ending. Individual should set boundary by answering only questions that he feels comfortable to answer; this will help build cordial relationship between the individual and the confiding party (Smith, 2006). Individual addresses self-harm by first acknowledging that the issue is a problem and need to stop doing it. Secondly, self-harm treatment involves talking to a mentor. Thirdly, identifying all factors that individual believes to be the fueling agents of the self-harming act. This will give the individual upper hand in deciding and coming up with measures of addressing the problem. Finally, the individual should figure out what role self-injury serve in his life and the impact to the way of life in terms of how he fits in the society. This will enable the individual to substitute self-harm with other method, which well as well put the problem in question to rest (Plante, 2007). Theory explaining why people cut themselves According to the Linehans biosocial theory, having negative feelings can fuel one to commit self-harm in following ways: Firstly, she believes that the individual problem solving, and emotional solving is interfered when one is angry or feels ashamed. Secondly, shame-related emotions can directly lead an individual to punish himself by inflicting pain. Anger and shame reduces the chances of one solving the problem at hand, by making them keep to themselves what could have been otherwise been solved. Anger, specifically inhibits the possibility of achieving cordial relationship been the individual and the party that could have been involved to find a lasting solution. Those individuals that perceived more likely to self-mutilate themselves are the one perceived to suffer from borderline personality disorder (BPD). BPD is critical condition characterized by abnormal functioning of emotions, behavior and cognition (Linehan, 2000). Therefore, following the Linehans biosocial theory inability of individual to function well experienced inform of emotional dysfunction, behavior abnormality and lack of cognition may cause self-harm due to one or more of the following ways; negative self-esteem, extreme anxiety, extremely sensitive to rejection, substance abuse disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder among other factors (Linehan, 2000). Conclusion Although self-harm is justified by some individual as proved by the reported cases, there are many cases not featured because of the tendency of those who commit the act trying to conceal their acts because of the shame attached to the act. As pointed self-harm ranges from various acts, which to some extent individual may even be unaware that they are already involved in that cycle. However, in most cases self-harm proves to be disastrous as it does not solve the problem instead it procrastinate the required action leading to further complication. Therefore, other means of solving depression, emotional anxiety and stressful encounters in life need adoption instead of relying on the cutting-self-harming act. Those who do the act need care because in most cases, they are oblivious of their act. In addition, they need assistance during rehabilitation to good well being. Buy custom Self-Harming essay

Timeline of the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War

Timeline of the Tet Offensive of the Vietnam War U.S. troops had been in Vietnam for three years before the Tet Offensive, and most of the fighting they had encountered were small skirmishes involving guerilla tactics. Although the U.S. had more aircraft, better weapons, and hundreds of thousands of trained soldiers, they were stuck in a stalemate against the Communist forces in North Vietnam and the guerrilla forces in South Vietnam (known as the Viet Cong). The United States was discovering that traditional warfare tactics did not necessarily work well in the jungle against the guerrilla warfare tactics they were facing. January 21, 1968 In early 1968, General Vo Nguyen Giap, the man in charge of North Vietnams army, believed it was time for the North Vietnamese to make a major surprise attack on South Vietnam. After coordinating with the Viet Cong and moving troops and supplies into position, the Communists made a diversionary attack against the American base at Khe Sanh on January 21, 1968. January 30, 1968 On January 30, 1968, the real Tet Offensive began. Early in the morning, North Vietnamese troops and Viet Cong forces attacked both towns and cities in South Vietnam, breaking the ceasefire that had been called for the Vietnamese holiday of Tet (the lunar new year). The Communists attacked around 100 major cities and towns in South Vietnam. The size and ferocity of the attack surprised both the Americans and the South Vietnamese, but they fought back. The Communists, who had hoped for an uprising from the populous in support of their actions, met heavy resistance instead. In some towns and cities, the Communists were repelled quickly, within hours. In others, it took weeks of fighting. In Saigon, the Communists succeeded in occupying the U.S. embassy, once thought impregnable, for eight hours before they were overtaken by U.S. soldiers. It took about two weeks for U.S. troops and South Vietnamese forces to regain control of Saigon; it took them nearly a month to retake the city of Hue. Conclusion In military terms, the United States was the victor of the Tet Offensive for the Communists did not succeed in maintaining control over any part of South Vietnam. The Communist forces also suffered very heavy losses (an estimated 45,000 killed). However, the Tet Offensive showed another side of the war to Americans, one which they did not like. The coordination, strength, and surprise instigated by the Communists led the U.S. to realize that their foe was much stronger than they had expected. Faced with an unhappy American public and depressing news from his military leaders, President Lyndon B. Johnson decided to end the escalation of U.S. involvement in Vietnam.

Pharmacy school personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pharmacy school - Personal Statement Example Not only that, I suffered from ill health upon my return for quite a while. Both these factors took their toll on my studies; I did not do as well in my classes as I would have otherwise done. However, throughout all this, I held on to my interest in pharmacy; I got a part-time job as a pharmacy assistant in my neighborhood pharmacy. This enabled me to interact with pharmacists who taught me a lot by relating their experiences to me, thus causing me to learn a lot about not just the field of pharmacy, but also how to go about studying in pharmacy classes. Moreover, they helped me develop the work ethic necessary for success in pharmacy. Their mentoring did not end there; they took me to pharmacy association meetings where I was introduced to other pharmacists by them, which helped me in not only building my interpersonal and communicational skills but also in enlarging my network. My zeal for pharmacy is something that I value both personally and professionally, and I want to pursue and get ahead in this field, therefore, I would be grateful if I am given the opportunity of attending (enter the course here) at your institute. It would be remiss not to add that my love for this field would enable me to serve the community as well, which I would do with the work ethic and professionalism that I have learned through my experiences, both at home with my grandmother, and at work in my neighborhood

Brand Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Brand Analysis - Essay Example Nike was started in the early 1960s when Phillip Knight, the Chief Executive Officer and William Bowerman, partnered to develop a coach’s idea of manufacturing products that would help to improve the consumers’ performance, who were athletes, on the track (Coucha, 2011). Nike ventured into it with the promise to make possible â€Å"authentic, athletic performance† with their shoes (Schmidt & Chris, 2002). That became their brand promise. The brand image that Nike initially launched was purely an American emblem, associated with high performance, aggressive and innovative top male athletes. These athletes were considered achievers, in line with what Nike intended to present to the consumers (Coucha, 2011). In delivering their product related promise, Nike joined the growing aerobics arena which was influencing the design of shoes towards being more fashionable, albeit less durable. Although other manufacturers were using garments to manufacture shoes for the aerob ics market, Nike stuck to leather, which was more long lasting but considered less fashionable (Kunde, 2002). As part of extending their non tangible promise, Nike took to the corporate scene by embracing the global social responsibility. Initially, it was a reaction to public oppositions relating to their labor practices in Asia. To salvage their image, they changed their corporate labor strategy, campaigning to be the industry leader in worker relations. They refurbished their factories and improved the working conditions on their premises in Asia. Compensation packages for labor were raised and new global standards applied. They created a Corporate Responsibility Division to reflect their intention to care for the ‘World family of Nike† (Schmidt & Chris, 2002). A brand’s perception and recognition are considerably influenced by its visual presentation. For effective visual brand identity to be achieved, the use of particular and consistent visual elements is cr itical (Schmidt & Chris, 2002). To create a distinction, a logo, colors, fonts, and graphic elements are used. In terms of visual identity, Nike’s logo of the â€Å"swoosh† is outstanding and easy to remember by consumers. Globally, there is a 97% recognition and awareness for the Nike logo and brand (Coucha, 2011). This is further propelled by associating themselves with athletic celebrities with similar personalities as the Nike brand. Examples include Michael Jordan the basketball hero and Michael Johnson the sprinter. For the purpose of increasing their relevance in the European market, Nike began associating themselves with famous European sports personalities while maintaining their criteria of selecting names that matched the Nike personality of super achievers. Such names included Eric Cantona and Roberto Mandeni. They also sponsored local, European teams like Borussia Dortmund and Paris saint Germain. This had an appeal that made them a household name in Europ e (Holt, 2004). Advertising strategies were customized to reflect the similarities of European countries with the United States as a means of dealing with the diverse culture differences. As compared to Adidas, the German giants, Nike portrays a more self expressive and emotional personality in its brand image. This gives for a challenging, hardworking and winning mentality with a focus on

The Level of Legal Immigration Essay Example for Free

The Level of Legal Immigration Essay In recent years, a political battle had been in the center of a very heated and controversial debate is the battle of immigration. Terrorism, the drug war, and the national deficit have all fueled interest in a long dormant debate. According to the United States Census, â€Å"immigration will propel the U. S. population total to 438 million by 2050†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Haub). The Hispanic population alone will exceed to an estimated 100 million, which subsequently is in relevance with the over 60 percent of immigrants coming from Mexico. Proposals have recently been put through by the  President and House of Representatives to deal with various aspects of illegal immigration, varying from amnesty for existing illegals, guest worker programs, deportation, fines for unpaid taxes, stricter border enforcement, and so on. However, very little attention has been given to legal immigration. Yet since this nation has become more and more ethnically diverse than it has ever been in decades, immigration is in general good for the country, therefore, it should be an acceptation for America to have this so-called â€Å"melting pot† grow more by increasing the level f people that are allowed to enter the country and work towards citizenship. Legal immigration should increase to benefit the improvement of the overall image of America intentionally, as it is seen as an openly welcoming country; immigrants who return home or maintain contact with family back home have a true image of America, not the one propagandized in much of the intentional media. It’s no secret that the United has a very unfavorable image around the world. Most American citizens are proud of their country and are happy to be here. So why do people have such an unfavorable image aboard? What percentage of the people in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East that have been sampled in these favorability opinion polls do others think have actually been to the United States for any significant amount of time? Think about it, for those that haven’t lived here, their opinion of America is based almost entirely on the media. Thus, the socialists, communists, and propagandists that dominate the international news media may be the most responsible for America’s image. This problem can be alleviated by allowing more people to enter the country. Real people can see what it eans to have freedom of speech, freedom to worship, freedom to publish and assemble. They can see our diversity and our shunning of those who lack tolerance. They can sample our sports and entertainment. They can meet for themselves the â€Å"evil Americans†. As more people return home or communicate with loved ones, people around the world will increasingly learn what a great country we have. Decreasing or eliminating legal immigration will inevitably create more incentive to come to the country illegally, which leads to less assimilation and fever taxpaying, law-abiding itizens. Many individuals have only one true hope for a better for themselves or their children – emigrate to America. The enormous number of immigrants in this country show that they will try to get here whether or not there are laws to stop them. Illegal immigrants must hide their identities. Thus, they aren’t going to be attending American schools, filing tax returns, or doing other things that typical Americans do. Plus, if they’re already breaking the law by being here, what’s to prevent them from breaking other laws we have? Legal immigrants, especially those ho plan to stay permanently, must pay taxes and are more likely to attend school to learn history, English, and a marketable skill. Since they don’t have to hide, they are more likely to assimilate with other Americans and adopt the culture. Lastly, they can eventually earn the right to vote and participate in our political process, meaning they can develop a decision-making stake in the future of our country. Furthermore, the increase of legal immigration in the U. S. gives struggling people all over the world and opportunity for a better life. This country was built on immigrants who ought opportunity as well as political and religious freedom. At some point in this debate the American people need to set aside the question of whether it’s good for this country and look at the point of view of the immigrant. Imagine you were in a place where you could be stoned to death for practicing your religion. Imagine you got paid the same regardless of how hard you worked. Imagine you were unable to study for a new career or start up your own business. Imagine you were forced to rely on government rationing of food to scratch out a living. Imagine the only access to medical care was physicians with only a few months of training who lacked vaccines and basic medical equipment. Would you want to live the rest of your life like this? Would you want your kids to live their whole lives like this? In speculation, most people, if given a choice would take the risk in coming to America to achieve something better. This country was built and has grown on the backs of such people. In the end, the government is highly responsible for keeping immigration reform more of path to greater and more lucrative opportunities for those entering this country with proper documentation. More importantly, they should make sure they give background checks to each immigrant to make sure he/she does not have ties to any terrorist organization (most especially al-Qaeda) in order for this great country to be a safe-haven environment. With the increase of jobs in America, many of those should be more accessible to newly naturalized citizens. It’ll be a shame if Americans still make strong accusations against immigrants for stealing their jobs.

Last Of The Mohicans Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main difference between â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans† book version by James Fenimore Cooper and â€Å"The Last of the Mohicans† movie version, generally speaking, is that the book has a more adventurous theme and the movie has a more love and romantic theme. Never the less, both stories were extremely interesting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Main details that support this difference are that in the movie, Cora is supposed to wed with Heyward and Cora agreed with that. Then she met Hawkeye when he saved her from an ambush from the Hurons. From there they fell in love and Heyward was out of the picture as far as love is concerned. So, Cora is the one who is in love with Hawkeye and Alice takes the role of Cora. Another factor, dealing with the love theme differences is in the book, there was not a big love scene between Hawkeye and Alice as there was in the movie between Hawkeye and Cora. Thus making the movie a more romantic story. In the movie, key things that happen have different importance because the roles switch. For instance, towards the end of the book, Cora dies. In the movie, Alice dies. This is important because Alice and Cora have certain traits that make this more and/or less important to the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Differences in the between Heyward are that in the book, Heyward does not play as an important role as he did in the movie. In the movie, he sacrifices himself to the Hurons, in exch...

“Leaders of our Society: Are they born or made?” Essay

The issue about leadership has always been a topic in conversation, specifically the concern about leaders being â€Å"born or made†. People often talk and argue about this issue, because we have different points of view regarding this. And it is also because the concept of a leader and leadership is important to people. As discussed in the ‘psychology of leadership’ (http://www. leadersdirect. com), leaders are important to people probably due to the following reasons: we feel the need of someone to look up to when we feel lost or anxious, when things fail or do not go as planned we seek to blame the leaders, we look at leaders like our fathers who look after us, gives us inspiration and makes us feel good, and we seek for their approval. This are some of the reasons why see leaders important in our society, and because of this reasons we always seek the answer to the question: Are leaders born or made? Some leadership theories would argue that leaders are born not made. The ‘Great Man† theories assumes that the leadership capacity of a person is inherent (Kendra Van Wagner, About. com). These theories view leadership as a heroic and mythic concept and that the born leaders assume the position when needed by the people. Similar to the great man theories the â€Å"Trait† theories also assume that leaders possess certain trait or qualities needed to be one. But one problem that theorists see about the trait theories is that it has identified the characteristics that leaders have and the question about this is â€Å"how about the people possessing the characteristics but are not leaders? † (Kendra Van Wagner, About. com). Other theories such as the â€Å"Behavioral theories†, on the other hand, suggest that great leaders are made and not born. This type of theories discusses that through education people can learn to be leaders. According to Wagner in Leadership Theories – 8 Major Leadership Theories, (About. com), behavioral leadership theories focus on the actions of great leaders and not on mental qualities of these people. Today the issue of leaders being born or made is not as essential in shaping our views for us to be able to tell who the leaders are and who are not. It is not important who had leadership abilities since birth and who learned being a leader from experience, what’s important is that these leaders exist and take on the responsibility to step up and lead people. If we come to think of it, a more logical perspective would be, leaders are sort of born and made. One thing that a future leader probably needs to born with is the intelligence (Block, 2006). In order to be fit as a person who will take this responsibility one has to be smart enough. Leaders are expected to have that special skill and ability to do what they are assigned and to understand the areas where they need to improve in as well as the capacity to think of how he or she will be effective given different situations. People who would become great leaders are also expected to be able to recognize learning as an important factor in shaping one’s leadership abilities. Furthermore, leaders are also made in the sense that they constantly learn things in the process. Being born with the skill is important but still eighty percent of their leaders’ skills is acquired from learning experience. They improve their craft through using feedbacks from his or her environment, and also through seeking more training where they can acquire additional skills and knowledge on what they do. Some of the leaders we know today possess this kind of abilities and intelligence, such as the president of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, Osama Bin Laden, as well as the western leaders Tony Blair, Rudy Guiliani and former US president George W. Bush Jr (http://en. wikipedia. org). All of these people have been able to become leaders not because they were born to be one, but because they used the gift they were born with and improved their leadership skills through learning. People have been debating on this issue for a long time, not too long ago people had their definitions of a leader and have described the nature of leadership. These definitions have helped in shaping our concept of leadership today that people who are born with the intelligence of a future leader should also learn through the process to achieve that leadership title. Works Cited: Bock, Wally. â€Å"Are Leaders Born or Made? † (2006). June 3, 2009 . Gerstel, Judy. â€Å"The Psychology of Leadership. † (2001). June 3, 2009 . McCrimmon, Mitch. â€Å"Leadership in the Mind – the Psychology of Leadership†. leadersdirect. com. June 3, 2009. . Wagner, Kendra Van. â€Å"Leadership Theories – 8 Major Leadership Theories. † June 3, 2009 .

Science Periodic Table Essay

The Periodic Table The periodic table has been updated all throughout history. Elements have been around us since the beginning of time. Elements, such as gold and silver, are examples of these elements that have been known for centuries. The periodic table allows us to see the elements in their families so we can understand what properties they have. It also allows us to see the atomic number, atomic mass, and the symbol of the element. The periodic table is a source of knowledge that is still being updated as of this day.That is why the periodic table is such a valuable resource. In ancient times, the elements gold and silver were discovered. Another element that was known at this time was copper. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle said that all elements were made out of these four â€Å"roots. † The philosopher, Plato, renamed the â€Å"four roots† earth, fire, water, and air. Although they introduced the concept of elements, they did nothing to advance the nature of t he matter, which matter is made of. The age of enlightenment was a big adventure for the science world.Hennig Brand was the first person recorded to have discovered a new element. He was a German merchant who went bankrupt, while trying to discover the Philosopher’s Stone. The Philosopher’s stone was a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold. He experimented with distilling human urine until he finally obtained a white substance which he named phosphorous in 1649. Brand did not go to the public with his discovery until another scientist named Robert Boyle rediscovered it and took it to the public.In 1661, Boyle defined an element has a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means. Antoine Lavoisier developed the first chemistry textbook. This included the elements oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorous, mercury, zinc, and sulfur. Lavoisier's descriptions of the elements only classified elements as metals or non-metals. Joh ann Dobereiner began to classify the elements in triads. These elements that belong to these triads had properties that were similar to each other. A few of these triads are as follows: 1.Chlorine, bromine, and iodine 2. Calcium, strontium, and barium 3. Sulfur, selenium, and tellurium 4. Lithium, sodium, and potassium. With all these triads, the atomic mass of the second element was almost exactly the average of the atomic weights of the first and third elements. By 1869, 69 elements had been discovered. Alexandre Chancourtois was the first to notice the periodicity of the elements. Similar elements seemed to occur at regular intervals when they were arranged by their atomic mass. He created an early version of the periodic table.He called it the telluric helix. When the elements were arranged on a cylinder by order of the increasing atomic mass, Chancourtois could tell that the elements with similar properties lined up vertically. He published this work in 1862, but there was litt le to go on. In 1865, John Newlands classified 56 elements that had been discovered previously into eleven groups based on similar physical properties. Newlands said that many pairs of similar elements existed differed by some multiple of eight in atomic number.Dimitri Mendeleev created the periodic table that we use today. He arranged the elements by their atomic mass and noticed that they lined up with the elements that had similar properties with each other. He also noticed that when they were arranged in this way, the valences lined up as well. When he published his table in 1869, it had many advantages. This table is more widely used in today’s time. The discovery of the periodic table is also the discoveries of the elements.As the elements were discovered, they were added to the periodic table. Since the beginning of time, more elements have been discovered. The most recent was ununpentium. It was discovered in 2011. As anyone can see the periodic table is continuing to grow and develop. It is a child of the elements. As each element is named, the periodic table grows. The periodic table will always be an ongoing process and the updating of it will never end. That is because new elements are discovered every day!

Free Essays on Virtual Reality

Introduction Close your eyes and imagine yourself being able to jump off the Empire State Building and fly over New York City on your own personal tour. You catch a glimpse of Madison Square Garden and a breathtaking view of Broadway. Jump back a few hundred years into the medieval times and joust with a knight. One last visualization- you are playing baseball in Busch Stadium on the same team as Mark McGuire. The crowd is wild. You soak up the glory as you realize they are cheering for you! Now stop fantasizing. These things will probably never happen to you in real life. However, there is a way that you can experience the feeling that something like this is happening. If you’re open to new ideas and you have a good imagination, virtual reality maybe a toy for you! What exactly is virtual reality? Well, virtual reality can be defined as any medium where one feels a sense of â€Å"immersion† and â€Å"presence† in the environment generated or descri bed. This means that if your imagination is wild enough, watching any television show or reading a book can be virtual reality. I will define virtual reality as a highly interactive, computer-generated environment. Graphics-based virtual reality allows one to break the 2-Dimensional constraints of today’s familiar equipment and has many practical applications. Four of these applications are medical, space exploration and training, physical, and entertainment. Body Medical researchers have been using virtual reality techniques to synthesize diagnostic images of a patient’s body to do predictive modeling of radiation treatment using images created by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and X-ray. A radiation therapist in a virtual world could view and expose a tumor at any angle and then model specific doses and configuration of radiation beams to aim at the tumor more effectively. Since radiation destroys human tissue easily, there is n... Free Essays on Virtual Reality Free Essays on Virtual Reality Virtual Reality - What it is and How it Works Imagine being able to point into the sky and fly. Or perhaps walk through space and connect molecules together. These are some of the dreams that have come with the invention of virtual reality. With the introduction of computers, numerous applications have been enhanced or created. The newest technology that is being tapped is that of artificial reality, or "virtual reality" (VR). When Morton Heilig first got a patent for his "Sensorama Simulator" in 1962, he had no idea that 30 years later people would still be trying to simulate reality and that they would be doing it so effectively. Jaron Lanier first coined the phrase "virtual reality" around 1989, and it has stuck ever since. Unfortunately, this catchy name has caused people to dream up incredible uses for this technology including using it as a sort of drug. This became evident when, among other people, Timothy Leary became interested in VR. This has also worried some of the researchers who are trying to create very real appli cations for medical, space, physical, chemical, and entertainment uses among other things. In order to create this alternate reality, however, you need to find ways to create the illusion of reality with a piece of machinery known as the computer. This is done with several computer-user interfaces used to simulate the senses. Among these, are stereoscopic glasses to make the simulated world look real, a 3D auditory display to give depth to sound, sensor lined gloves to simulate tactile feedback, and head-trackers to follow the orientation of the head. Since the technology is fairly young, these interfaces have not been perfected, making for a somewhat cartoonish simulated reality. Stereoscopic vision is probably the most important feature of VR because in real life, people rely mainly on vision to get places and do things. The eyes are approximately 6.5 centimeters apart, and allow you to have a full-colour, thr... Free Essays on Virtual Reality Virtual Reality is considered one of the most exciting technologies today, constantly evolving and improving. According to Eric Drexler, a world known pioneer in this field, VR is "A combination of computer and interface devices (goggles, gloves, etc.) that present a user with the illusion of being in a three dimensional world of computer generated objects." The term ^virtual reality,^ is not finite in its meaning, but generally includes desktop VR, immersion VR, where the goggles and gloves are used, and projection VR. The virtual reality technology is not yet perfect and still too expensive for the common man. The use of high-end VR is mainly restricted to larger companies, and to special areas such as medical surgery and pilot training. Home users are limited to desktop virtual reality programs, which lets them navigate in three-dimensional worlds, but seldom gives the feeling of actually being there. The entertainment industry has yet to embrace the technol! ogy in full scale, but in his book ^Virtual Reality^ Howard Rheingold states ^Used today in architecture, engineering and design, tomorrow in mass-market entertainment, surrogate travel, virtual surgery and cybersex, by the next century ^VR^ will have transformed our lives.^ Will VR cause people to lose their grip on the real world, or is it just a continuation of previous developments that took people to imaginary places? People seem to always have escaped to ^imaginary worlds^, to get a way from the stress of real life and to relax. We have all experienced Greek theatre, read novels and been to the cinema, and lived ourselves into fiction stories that we identify with. Our imagination creates a fiction world, which leads us away from real life for a moment of time. In our own utopia, we forget contemporary problems of reality. Even though the virtual reality technology creates a utopia for us to explore, it is in a lot of ways different from other developments we know so well... Free Essays on Virtual Reality TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 WHAT IS VIRTUAL REALITY? 4 HOW DOES VIRTUAL REALITY WORK? 5 v The Three Levels of VR : 5 THE HISTORY OF VIRTUAL REALITY 7 VIRTUAL REALITY IN THE PRESENT 8 VIRTUAL REALITY IN THE FUTURE 9 THE TECHNOLOGY BEHIND VIRTUAL REALITY 9 v Video Display Devices: 10 v Audio Output Devices: 10 v Tactile Response Devices: 11 v Interactive Input Devices: 11 v Computers and Software: 12 IMMERSIVE & NON IMMERSIVE VR 12 v The Cave: 13 v Head-Mounted Display (HMD): 13 v The Boom: 14 v Input Devices and other Sensual Technologies: 14 v Shared Virtual Environments: 15 v VRML: 15 DRAWBACKS OF VR 16 THE SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF VIRTUAL REALITY 17 v The New Rules of Behavior: 17 v Adverse Effects: 17 Applications of VR 18 v A List of Existing VR examples: 18 DETAILED APPLICATIONS OF VR: 19 v Architecture: 19 v Visualization: 21 v Entertainment: 21 v VR in Movies: 22 v Manufacturing: 25 v Augmented Reality: 25 v Education & Training: 26 v Medical: 27 SUMMARY 27 CONCLUSION 28 BIBLIOGRAPHY 28 INTRODUCTION Throughout the many stages of media Virtual Reality (VR) has helped us to extend our perception, imagination and manipulation. VR is just an extra step on the long road, bringing the imagination as close and realistic as reality itself. After the first experiments in the fifties with complex kinesthetic devices like multiple cameras, senso-motoric devices and even smell generators, more elegant head-mounted devices were developed in the early nineties. Both defense research and the computer games industry were the main stimulators of VR. VR is everything and it is hard to describe what VR is not: It encapsulates all previous media, even books, slides, pictures, audio, video and multimedia. The typical contribution of VR is its effect of ‘immersion’; the user feels as if (s)he is in a different world. Both the sensations and the actions of the user should resemble as much a... Free Essays on Virtual Reality Introduction Close your eyes and imagine yourself being able to jump off the Empire State Building and fly over New York City on your own personal tour. You catch a glimpse of Madison Square Garden and a breathtaking view of Broadway. Jump back a few hundred years into the medieval times and joust with a knight. One last visualization- you are playing baseball in Busch Stadium on the same team as Mark McGuire. The crowd is wild. You soak up the glory as you realize they are cheering for you! Now stop fantasizing. These things will probably never happen to you in real life. However, there is a way that you can experience the feeling that something like this is happening. If you’re open to new ideas and you have a good imagination, virtual reality maybe a toy for you! What exactly is virtual reality? Well, virtual reality can be defined as any medium where one feels a sense of â€Å"immersion† and â€Å"presence† in the environment generated or descri bed. This means that if your imagination is wild enough, watching any television show or reading a book can be virtual reality. I will define virtual reality as a highly interactive, computer-generated environment. Graphics-based virtual reality allows one to break the 2-Dimensional constraints of today’s familiar equipment and has many practical applications. Four of these applications are medical, space exploration and training, physical, and entertainment. Body Medical researchers have been using virtual reality techniques to synthesize diagnostic images of a patient’s body to do predictive modeling of radiation treatment using images created by ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and X-ray. A radiation therapist in a virtual world could view and expose a tumor at any angle and then model specific doses and configuration of radiation beams to aim at the tumor more effectively. Since radiation destroys human tissue easily, there is n... Free Essays on Virtual Reality The VR Centre for the Built Environment, a winner of an Office of Science & Technology Foresight Challenge Award, was established in June 1997 at University College London and Imperial College London. This is an interdisciplinary initiative involving the Bartlett, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, Centre for Transport Studies and the Departments of Computer Science, Geography and Geomatic Engineering at UCL and IC-Parc at Imperial College along with a consortium of 16 industrial partners. It aims to research, develop and disseminate ways of designing, producing and operating buildings and urban areas using virtual reality techniques. The VR Centre's role is to bring the full range of computer graphics, interaction and digital data to the virtual building that currently drives the design-development-operation cycle. Information, analysis and simulations are being synthesised to allow design teams and their clients to predict the performance of proposals at both the urban and building scale. Virtual models are being developed to capture information on performance during the operational life of the building so that this can be fed back into future projects. The Centre is focusing on three key generic technologies: Technologies to help clients and end users understand the consequences of decisions; Technologies to allow better visualisation and interaction with design proposals; Technologies to capture information about the operation of the built environment and to feed that information back into the design, construction and operation process.... Free Essays on Virtual Reality Virtual Reality Virtual reality (VR) is the use of a computer to create an artificial environment that appears and feels like a real environment and allows users to explore a space and manipulate the environment. In its simplest form, a VR application displays what appears to be a three- dimentional view of a place or object, such as landscape, building, molecules, or red blood cell, which users can explore. For example, architects can use VR software to show clients how a building will look after a construction or remodeling project. In more advanced forms, VR software requires that users wear specialized headgear, body suits, and gloves to enhance the experience of the artificial environment (Vance and Reed 34-58). The headgear displays the artificial environment in front of a users eyes. The body suit and the gloves sense motion and direction, allowing a user to move through, pick up, or hold items displayed in the virtual environment. Experts predict that eventually the body suits will provide tactile feedback so users can experience the touch and feel of the virtual world. Many games, such as flight simulators, use virtual reality. In these games special visors allow users to see the computer-generated environment. As the user walks around the game's electronic landscape, sensors in the surrounding game machine record movements and change the view of the landscape accordingly. Companies increasingly are using VR for more practical commercial applications, as well. Automobile dealers, for example, use virtual showrooms in which customers can view the exterior and interior of available vehicles. Airplane manufacturers use virtual prototypes to test new models and shorten product design time. Many firms use personal computer-based VR applications for employee training (Shelly Cashman Series ®Microsoft Word 2000 Project 2). As computing power and the use of ...

How to Write an Essay on Philosophy of Life

How to Write an Essay on Philosophy of Life Philosophy of Life General guidelines for composing a philosophy essay on ‘Philosophy of Life’ How to start writing How to create an outline How to write a thesis for a philosophy essay on ‘Philosophy of Life’ How to write an introduction Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis How to write body paragraphs Tips on body writing How to conclude Tips on conclusion writing Paper revision Philosophy of Life (Essay sample) General guidelines for composing a philosophy essay on ‘Philosophy of Life’ The philosophy of life encompasses a general view of or an approach to life as well as the purpose of life. Philosophers explain life in different features that include how human naturally feel, think, and act. Also, one can explain that as anything that makes life meaningful such as creating a moral character and making achievements is essential for explaining the meaning of life. How to start writing The purpose of writing your essay on Philosophy of Life is for one to explore the life choices as well as directions that widens the chances of living an inspired life. Therefore, while starting the essay writing, the writer has to ensure that he/she has carefully read the relevant information relating to the topic. Also, since the writer wants to ensure that everything in the paper is relevant to the topic, one has to focus on the important elements of life and also ask yourself questions like, what guides the decisions and actions you take and how do you approach the way you live your life? How to create an outline Before the writer starts writing, one requires to have a plan for the essay; this includes organizing ones thoughts as well as the arguments. A good paper outline helps the writer to conduct research and write the paper efficiently. Therefore, one is required to thinks about how to explain various terms, the position to present your argument or criticism. For instance, a good outline contains introduction and thesis statement, major arguments as well as support for your main points and a conclusion. How to write a thesis for a philosophy essay on ‘Philosophy of Life’ While writing the essay, one is required to have the main point, main idea and the argument you develop to reflect your main idea. However, the sentences that hold the main idea are referred to a thesis statement. Thesis statement presents the topic of the essay and also explains to your reader about the main point of your paper. However, the writer should read the main sources, and figure out the main thesis points to create a working thesis. To develop an effective thesis, one should avoid placing thesis statement late in the paper, avoid unclear words and also clearly indicate the point of your paper. How to write an introduction The first impressions of a philosophical essay are very important because, without an eye-catching introduction, your writing will be flat. However, when writing the introduction, the writer should introduce the essay with a broad statement of what the reader should expect in ones essay. Also, one should provide significant background but not the main argument and persuade your reader that the paper is worth reading. Tips on how to write an introduction and thesis Developing a good introduction as well as thesis statement sometimes is the hardest part of an essay writing. Writing the beginning is ones chance to get your readers attention by expressing your creativity. However, the first paragraph should explain your topic and the originality of thesis statement. To develop an efficient introduction and thesis statement, one should first understand the main purpose of the introductory paragraph which includes understanding general information the writer requires to make the essay. Also, one requires utilizing strategies that attract your audiences attention for instance by sharing a personalized story. The writer should also understand the main purpose of thesis statement which creates a focus for ones paper. Furthermore, a thesis statement should be placed at the end of your introduction paragraph explaining the main idea of your essay. Finally, one should avoid using the common introductory method like, ‘In this paper, I will†¦.. How to write body paragraphs The body paragraphs present the writers main points and also contains ones textual argument and evidence. Every main point you stated in your outline becomes a body paragraph. However, the writer should correctly format the body paragraphs and have clear transitions. Tips on body writing To create efficient body paragraphs, one should start by pointing out the main ideas in form of sentences. Next, the writer should write down the elaboration of the main points which includes description and discussion. Also, the writer should present philosophical evidence to support the main idea. The body paragraphs should also contain transitions to help your reader get cues of your flow. Examples of transitional words are afterward, likewise, however, nearby and accordingly among others. Finally, the writer should avoid plagiarism. To explain this, one should present body paragraphs that are well paraphrased and quoted without copying many of your ideas from other sources. How to conclude Sometimes writing the conclusion can be hard because one feels that there is nothing left to say. The writer can conclude the essay with a brief summary that includes the main points of the paper. One can also leave a final impression on the reader by giving new suggestions. Tips on conclusion writing A good conclusion can be created by resonating the introduction. Challenging your readers. Looking forward to the future. Paper revision After completing your essay, as a writer, it is important to review and reread your word. This can be done by using grammar check to review your spelling and spacing before you turn in your work. Also, one should keep the papers format simple for instance, double spacing, justified left and use Times New Romans font. Finally, you can read your essay loud or give your peer to review your work before you submit. Philosophy of Life (Philosophy Essay Sample) A philosophy of life can be referred to the practical philosophy that helps people transform the image of their thoughts. Everyone views the world in different ways and have different beliefs of how other people should conduct themselves. Some people might consider honesty, tolerance, and loyalty to be the most vital aspects that reflect a good person, although the ability for oneself to be optimistic is the most significant trait. Moreover, a smile and sense of humor are also very important. However, I believe that being positive in life is always looking at the brighter side in a bad situation which is one of the keys to happiness. Therefore, a practical philosophy of life attempts to strengthen our relationship with day-to-day life. The purpose of this essay is to explain how philosophy contributes to everyones daily living. In day-to-day life, we live in our mind, and our existence brings the life to a physical reality. However, philosophy does not stay within our minds, but our beliefs and morals are passed from the mind to physical reality. This is the life we have, and no one owns his or her life, it just passes through our physical body. Sometimes, you can get a hold on some aspects of life, and pass them to someone else life and to do so, everyone has to pay much attention to life. Our minds control our taste of living where the philosophy for day-to-day life objects to try life in all its riches. This is one way of people trying to engage with life in a positive way, trying to bring ones thought and ideas into physical reality and converting ones dream to something perceptible. Having a positive thought about life does not mean imposing judgment on the past lived experience, but it means being transformed and seeing what is in your transformed into real life. A philosophy of daily life contributes to people taking life in different perspectives. This means that, if one has not tasted all the riches of life, he or she tends to adhere to various ideals or norms without the honor of your own perception and experience. This makes life become like an image or imitation of a convincing ideal. An imitation is a copy of something real, therefore, when life becomes an imitation, we lose its contact. For example, having new friends is very important, but, choosing right the one who will not stab your back is more important. However, the philosophy of our daily life helps us to overcome seductive beliefs and situations that its reality is unchangeable. The point of philosophy here is to our decisions concrete instead of abstract. One does not have to think or talk about anything if he or she does not think of the negativity or positivity of it. The philosophy of life varies depending on each persons life experience and therefore everyone has a different view of the world as well as different beliefs. Similarly, this applies in day-to-day life where it is through our self-awareness that we become more proficient to experience what hinders us from becoming something else. However, philosophy of life guides us to be real, not actual.

M&A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

M&A - Essay Example According to the information, it is known that the company had revenues drastically raisin from $92 million to 127 million, in 2011. This information alone is enough to give me enough reasons to acquire the company. The role of any business is to make profits, or at least break even. Therefore, critical analysis of the statement of financial positions should be done in order to come up with factual information concerning the move. In terms of competition, the company is doing well, to a point of out doing some other better companies. The company is also able to compete favourable with the competitors who directly supply the products to the customers. The other significant information which I want to know is the pricing strategies of the firm. I need to understand the way the company formulates its pricing policies, the way it deals with customers and how it adjusts its prices. One important issue, which is important concerning investment acquisitions, is getting to understand about pricing strategies. If the prevailing price was $10, then the investor cannot come and arbitrarily fix the price at $20 as this will result to loss of customers and the market grip. Looking at the financial statements will furnish me with enough information so that I can make informed decision about the firm. The firm’s historical performance, as shown by the revenues and gross profit margins, is of great help in making valid conclusions. It is also important to analyse the asset base of the company, as this will make me know whether it will be able to produce efficiently. The first way to learn about all this information I have listed is to visit the company’s website. Here, much of the company’s information concerning the financial status is obtained. The information will act as a directive of whether to invest or not. Visiting the company website is also helpful as I am able to get updated information concerning the company, the manager, the objective

Governance and Effecting Change in Schools Essay

Governance and Effecting Change in Schools - Essay Example But one must know that laws only can regulate the rights as well as responsibilities of teachers. I disagree with this court decision as the constitution and supreme law of this country is not in favor of forced actions. Teachers ordered their learners to rise and deliver the verses respectfully in unanimity. Moreover, broadcasting class learners in the Abington School District were bound to read the verses over a public-address system. Otherwise, teachers could be fired if they would refuse to participate and pupils occasionally were separated out from others if they did not stick together with others students in the daily reading (Phelps and Lehman, 2005). But Laws regulating schools along with teachers at 3 interrelated levels of federal, state, and local are the part of a larger and complex legal system. Teachers are responsible to understand content they’re anticipated to teach to students. The third case, which was decided in 1943 was West Virginia State board of Education vs. Barnette et. al. It was a case of forced saluting ceremony and the decision in favor of very strict punishment in case any student or teacher decides against that. The appellees were citizens of West Virginia and the United States, and they rightfully disagreed to salute the flag as a compulsion. They were adamant that the flog is an image. This image however sacred cannot be placed above religion or will of the people. On the other hand the education department believed that there are limits to everyone’s authority and symbolism remains a primitive and effective way of communicating ideas (West Virginia state board of Education vs. Barnette, 1943). I agree to the Education department in general that such symbolism teaches and communicates the national values. However, the strict punishments related to it make it a forceful act which might make it fail in serving its purpose. To me it app ears ethically wrong to force anyone to

Femail Trafficking Who Are Trafficked for Sexual Exploitation Research Paper

Femail Trafficking Who Are Trafficked for Sexual Exploitation - Research Paper Example As all such extreme crimes, the incidence of human trafficking is significantly high in the world, in both developed and developing countries. This exploitation of human beings, done by the powerful human beings to the comparatively weak and helpless people, occurs in many forms throughout the world, with thousands of victims falling prey to it every year. These forms include, â€Å"prostitution, sexual exploitation, slavery, child labor, organ transplant and other types of involuntary servitude† (UNODC, 2009). Human trafficking also includes the abduction of people and making them work under false promises of money, employment or other such benefits. The victims include men, women, as well as children, who find themselves victims of this crime both in their homelands as well as in foreign countries. Human trafficking bears a striking resemblance with the illegal practice of slavery, due to the conditions and exploitation that are subjected to its victims. One specific type of trafficking is sex trafficking of females, which is one of the most commonly found forms of this crime. Exploiters force women into prostitut ion due to debt-bonded agreements in this crime, and this has currently come to be the face of ‘modern slavery’, and a severe violation of human rights. Female trafficking is a practice, which leads to the compelling of the victimized female to perform sexually, for the exploiter’s financial gain (Hart, 2009). It is a growing business because of two reasons: it is profitable and it uses people who are not difficult to trap. The profitability of this crime is because there is a large market for the illegal trade of sex; a demand that female trafficking satisfies with its low prices and exploitation of helpless women. The helpless women are usually those from poor communities, who have been tricked into taking debts that they cannot afford to repay. They also include those women from families and communities, which are minorities in a country,

Analysing the various Management Principles and Applications

Analysing the various Management Principles and Applications The need for professional management came along with large scale businesses from the industrial revolution. This is generally understood to cover the period from around 1760 to 1850 in this time there was a major economic growth. The division of labour, combined with technological advances provided the economic need for a factory system. The factory system however, brought new problems for owners managers. There are various pioneers who contributed to the development of management, these include: F.W. Taylor (1856-1915) he was known as father of scientific management, was a professional engineer. H.L. Gantt (1861- 1919) his main interest was human beings in industry he wanted to establish democratic societies in factories. Abraham Maslow was a behavioural psychologist who worked in academia and industry. He wrote various books on human relations. The first book was on Motivation and Personality set out the needs of a human being these are still hugely important factors today. Definitions of Management There is no generally accepted definition of management, however, the best definition is said to be that of Henri Fayol (1841-1925) who was a French Engineer, as even today the principles remain the same. To manage is to forecast and plan, to organise, to command, to coordinate and to control. H. Fayol (1916) Henri Fayols definition of management is based upon his initial idea that forecasting planning was about looking to the future coming up with a plan of action to allow objectives to be met. Organising was seen in structural terms while commanding was said to refer to maintaining activity amongst personnel. Coordinating is a unifying activity which effectively allows all parts of an activity to work in harmony finally controlling meant, ensuring things are done in accordance with established specifications policies etc. Henri Fayol therefore is responsible for identifying the principles of management which are listed below are further detailed in task 2 of this assignment. Forecasting Planning Organisation Command (Motivating) Controlling Co-ordinating and communicating Another definition is that of Edward Brech the last of the management pioneers. He believed that management was for the good of society and integrity was its cornerstone. He collated ideas, added his own developed training programmes textbooks Management is a social process the process consists of planning, control, coordination and motivation. EFL Brech (1957) Another definition is that of Harold Koontz Cyril ODonnell, both professors of business management at the University of California. Management is an operational process initially best dissected by analysing the managerial functions The five essential managerial functions (are): planning, organising, staffing, directing and leading and controlling. Koontz ODonnell (1984) The definitions of Brech Koontz ODonnell are based upon that of Henri Fayol however they have made some small changes, for example Henri Fayols term command is changes to motivation by Brech directing or leading by Koontz ODonnell. P2 Explain the principles and processes of management. A managers job consists of planning, organising, directing controlling a companys resources which include the workforce, equipment, finances, facilities materials etc. Management also includes the recording storing of facts information for later use or for the use of others within the organisation to assist them with their own objectives. Management is not only limited to managers supervisors as every member or employee is responsible to some extent for managing their own functions as part of their job. The main principles of management described by Fayol are as follows: Forecasting Planning Organisation Motivating Controlling Co-ordinating and communicating Within any company or organization a manager has many roles responsibilities there job requires that they have the all of these skills to fulfill the role of manager. Forecasting Forecasting is concerned with the future economics of a company or organisation. This involves decisions being made to steer the company or organisation in the right direction these decisions will be based upon forecasts by the management. These may include financial forecasts such as the annual turnover of the company the requirements of funding to allow the company to fund their projects. Forecasts may also be in relation to the companys workload therefore allowing them to forecast the required resources i.e. labour. Planning Planning involves the future co-ordination of projecting controlling of resources. Many decisions made in regarding planning will be based upon the companys forecasts as explained previously; however planning will also be done on each individual project. This involves the making of decisions which will allow the company or organisation to meet the demands of their clients ensure that the objectives of the business are met. The main objective of a typical business is to make profit, therefore each individual project will be planned organised in detail will be closely managed monitored to ensure it is moving in the right direction, thus ensuring that the clients demands are met that the businesss objectives are met. Organisation Organisation involves the arrangement of the company structure while establishing relationships resources which will allow the companys objectives to be met. Any company or organisation will require that all of their individual departments are organized appropriately to allow them to function meet their demands. A managers job will be to define each individual within their department with their own roles responsibilities while ensuring that they all meet their demands in accordance with any specifications timescales while ensuring that they are coordinated with any relevant site based activities. Motivation This is the process to improve the physiological state of morale within the workforce of a company. A companys most important asset is its personnel, therefore it could be said that the motivation of the employees is essential. The identifiable needs of an employee include: To be paid fairly to allow them a comfortable standard of living. To be treated as an individual while being recognized as a crucial part of the team. To have a reasonable sense of security in their job. To be allowed the opportunity to show their ability initiative. Having a socially acceptable job with a sense of belonging and acceptance, allowing a high self esteem. Having the opportunity to progress within the company. An employees motivational needs is what that particular employee needs are in order to help keep them happy in their job, thus allowing them to perform to the best of their ability. Many of these needs may also be more important than others which a manager should have the ability to detect fulfil, for example, an employee might feel that they should be recognised as an important member of the team as this may boost their confidence. Once their confidence is boosted their motivational needs are therefore fulfilled. There are many ways in which companys work towards meeting the motivational needs of their employees as a whole these include the introduction of bonus schemes and provision of good welfare facilities etc. Controlling Controlling refers to the continuous observation of a project to ensure that the work is carried out is continuing as it was initially planned. Should it be noticed that the project is not progressing as per planned corrective action will be taken to rectify this. Controlling is the tactical spear of the management involves checking the current achievement with pre-determined targets. Controlling may comprise of: The control of the projects overall budget. The control of monetary payments for the supply of materials services. Controlling the progress of the project. Co-ordination Coordination is crucial to ensure that each team or department involved in a project works in harmony to ensure that the project is completed with the least possible problems throughout the duration of the project. The coordination of management requires regular communication typically in the form of meetings to integrate ideas into action. Co-ordination is not only crucial between the management employees in any one company, it is crucial that there is co-ordination between all parties involved in a project. This can be difficult particularly in large scale projects where for example the Client, Architect, Quantity Surveyor, Contractor Sub-Contractors etc must all work together to ensure that the project is completed successfully. This is where good management is essential to ensure the co-ordination between all of these parties. Communication Communication is to probably the single most important element within any organisation in particular any construction project as good communication is critical as it ensures the coordination and control of individuals, groups and departments not only within one company or organisation but also within all the other parties who may be involved with a project. Communication ensures control of a companys plans and procedures that any instructions given to staff by the management are clearly understood. Poor communication can lead to ineffective control, poor coordination and inevitably management failure which will ultimately result in a failure to meet a companys objectives i.e. a loss of money. Often, communication can be hindered by simple barriers such as the use of different phrases expressions between parties. Different languages may also pose a problem in international contracts, while modern communication methods such as emails etc may be misrepresented. In the construction industry in particular there is a slight advantage as much of the communication is done by the use of detailed drawings which represent the same to each individual no matter what their language may be. P3 Explain the motivational needs of individuals and groups, leadership styles and concepts of team working. Motivation Motivation is mainly concerned with: The forces that stimulate human behaviour. The factors that channel direct this behaviour. The way in which this behaviour can be maintained or eliminated. Motivation is crucial in all workplaces regardless of the nature of work carried out. Keeping employees highly motivated is the key to a successful workplace. An employee who is happy, satisfied motivated in their job will inevitably be more productive than an employee who has little or no motivation. There have been various motivation theories but all with the same intentions. A highly motivated workforce is ultimately more productive this can help to increase labour outputs therefore decreasing costs which will in turn generate more profit for the business. Motivation not only increases the quantity of work but also the quality, therefore having a large group of highly motivated employees can have a positive effect on any business. People can be motivated in various different ways this will be dependent upon their individual needs requirements. For example, one employee may be more motivated by being given the opportunity to use their own initiative, while another employee may be more motivated by the prospect of bonus schemes. Setting work related goals is another method of motivating employees as they are more likely to be productive if they have a target to work toward whereas If a task has no target it may cause employee to feel dissatisfied therefore they will be less motivated. There have been various pioneers of management theories throughout the years. Amongst them are those by Frederick Herzberg, who believed that the key motivators were achievement, recognition, advancement and job interest. Others include John Adair, Peter Drucker, Elton Mayo Victor Vroom. As was briefly explained in task 1 of this assignment Maslow wrote a book based on human relations. In the book he wrote about the factors which drive or motivate people. Once a group or individuals needs are satisfied, then they will not be motivated by the same benefits as generally humans all ways expect more. Maslows report shows in order to achieve good results from the staff and able to complete our new proposed building successfully we would have to ensure the employees needs are catered for and their problems are being listened to. Maslow defined five orders of needs which are as follows: Physiological- The basic survival requirements of warmth, shelter and food Security- Protection from danger of threat Social- Relations with others, expressed as friendship comradeship or love Self-Respect- Sense of personal worth, respect and autonomy Self-Actualisation- Sense of achieving your full potential A more recent and modern approach was from Sheila Ritchie and Peter Martin who developed a theory in the late 1990s that began under the assumption that it was a managers task to discover what motivates their workforce. They identified twelve motivational drivers including, the human needs for interesting work, a variety in work, achievement, power, self development, creativity, influence, social contact, money and perks, structure and rules, long term relationships good working conditions. The idea was based on having a method of motivation for each employee as it was based on the belief that each individual had different motivators therefore should have their own motivators used with them. For example, if an employee has worked well achieved more when targets are set, then the manager should make the effort to ensure the employee know what was expected of them at all times. However, this method is not always going to be practical many companies simply use incentive schemes which are aimed at all employees. These may include incentives such as extra time off or bonuses in pay for exceeding their targets. Many companys also make use of team building days which are also aimed to increase motivation within the workforce. These days out can range from sporting activities to evening meals all paid for by the employer. Leadership Styles There are various different styles of leadership used in the workplace this will vary dependent upon the workforce in general, for example, if there is a mixture of non-skilled skilled workers, each of these groups may need a different style of leadership to fully motivate them gain the best from them there will of course be a difference upon individuals. The main leadership styles are defined as: Autocratic An autocratic leader can be described as one who simply issues orders to their workforce expects everyone to comply. Democratic A democratic leader manages by consultation with their workforce encourages each individual to participate, therefore developing a team approach in the workplace. There have been various studies in regards to management leadership, for example Rensis Likert (1903-1981) an American psychologist statistician conducted research on human behaviour within different types of organisation during his research he studied different styles of leadership defined four main types of management system as follows. Exploitive / Authoritative System. Decisions are imposed on employees. Employees are motivated by means of threats i.e. the loss of their job. High levels of management have great responsibility. There is no responsibility for low levels of management. Poor communication teamwork. Consultative System The leadership will have some trust in their employees. Motivation is gained by rewards by having involvement in the decision making. There is a varying level of responsibility over all levels of management. There is some communication teamwork. Participative Group System The leadership have full confidence in their employees. Motivation is gained via economic reward earned through joint targets being met. All employees feel that they have a responsibility for the companys targets. Good communication team work tales place. Benevolent / Authoritative System Leadership via master / servant trust. Motivation is gained by the provision of rewards i.e. pay increases. Levels of management have great responsibility. There is no responsibility for low levels of management. Poor communication teamwork. The style a leader adopts depends on their perception of their workers motivation for example, do workers need to be driven autocratically and motivated by wage increases or are they better motivated by being allowed to voice their opinions assist in the decision making. A leadership styles success depends on the circumstances the leader is in, for example if a leader is under pressure it may be more beneficial to use an autocratic style of leadership. How close workers are may also have an influence, for example a team of workers who have worked together for a long time may be more motivated by being involved in the making of decisions. The method of leadership adopted should be carefully considered as leadership styles can also affect employee motivation. Team Working Team working can be beneficial in many circumstances in the workplace. This allows for more ideas to be generated more feedback to be received by the management. Team working also allows for greater coordination of works while allowing individuals to use their strengths in place of other team members weaknesses. Merit Criteria Schools of Management During the late 19th early 20th centuries, management theory was developed was classified as either scientific management or administrative management many of the techniques concepts are still used in modern management.